The polar radius of the Earth is 3,950 miles (6,356), which is a 13-mile (22-kilometer) difference. 2 Also see the Table of Physical Units and Constants. At the equator, the radius of Earth is 3963 miles (Diameter = 7926 miles). In general, this points to an important conclusion about nature itself. ( The radius of the Earth, re, is about 6.38 10 6 meters, and the mass of the Earth is 5.98 10 24 kilograms. The circumference of the Earth depends on how it is measured. The radius R of a nucleus of mass number A can be estimated by the formula R = (1.3 1015)A 1/3 m. The earth rotates once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09053 seconds, called the sidereal period, and its circumference is roughly 40,075 kilometers. example R = earthRadius (lengthUnit) returns the mean radius of the Earth using the length unit specified by lengthUnit. e Explore Asteroids In Depth Key Science Targets This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Physics, 22. The winners are: Princetons Nima Arkani-Hamed, Juan Maldacena, Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. to have an oblate spheroid, the curvatures are. 903 mi) at the poles and 6371. Drive one of the meter sticks into the ground in your location in a sunny spot. r = 39350/ 6.28 = 6267 kilometer. = Hence, the Earth deviates from a perfect sphere by only a third of a percent, which supports the spherical model in most contexts and justifies the term "radius of the Earth". 6,371,000 metersThe value, symbolized rearth, is equal to approximately 6,371,000 meters (6.371 x 106 m). Could E.T. Earth radius at sea level is 6378.137 km (3963.191 mi) at the equator. How many meters is the earth? Video advice: How We Calculated the Radius of Earth. Have Bugged an area Rock to pay attention In on Earthlings? Skip to main content. EARTH RADIUS meaning & explanation. Sun: radius = 696,000 kilometers, 100 times larger. Q4. In astronomy, the International Astronomical Union denotes the nominal equatorial Earth radius as Have your partner do the same in her location at the exact same time. Earth radius (denoted as R or + These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. = The typical Earth radius (RE) can also be comparable to about 6,371 kilometers (km) (an SI unit of length), or 3,440 maritime miles (nmi) (a maritime unit of length), or roughly 3,959 miles (mi) or 20,902,231 ft (foot), that are US customary / Imperial units of length. The majority of the data posted was remarkably good, stated Jennifer Fischer, the APS project leader. Enchanted Learning. Since the estimate by Eratosthenes, many models have been created. w The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". What is radius of Earth in gravitation Class 9? The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. Hence the required distance is. , For Earth, the volumetric radius equals 6,371.0008km (3,958.7564mi). The mathematical expressions above apply over the surface of the ellipsoid. In Eratosthenes case, the distance was 787 kilometers, so for him, the following relation applied: where x = the circumference of the Earth in kilometers. A Just how much is really a trillion in scientific notation? For best results, the minimum radius of the geofence should be set between 100 - 150 meters. 149597870700 meters nearly This is 10-sd (significant digits) approximation. Escape velocity = = 22.4 km/sec. 756 mi) on average. According to data taken by 183 high-school classes participating in a World Year of Physics project, "Measure the Earth with Shadows", the radius of Earth is 6563 km, compared to the accepted value for the mean radius of 6371 km. MITs Alan , In 2020, as a response to the disruption caused by COVID-19, the College Board modified the AP exams so they were shorter, administered online, covered less material, and had a different format than previous tests. The standard English name of the planet, including in science, is Earth. in the second fundamental form for a surface (Equation (123) in[11]): e, f, and g are elements of the shape tensor: n What is the fluid speed in a fire hose with a 9.00 cm diameter carrying 80.0 l of water per second? Earths radius is usually given as 6378137 meters (equatorial radius), its flattening is defined as 1/298.257223 (WGS84), and thus its polar radius is calculated as 6356752 meters.However, the av. Karren Doll Tolliver holds a Bachelor of English from Mississippi University for Women and a CELTA teaching certificate from Akcent Language School in Prague. Keplers Third law can be used to determine the orbital radius of the planet if the mass of the orbiting star is known (R3=T2Mstar/Msun, the radius is in AU and the period is in earth years). Our Planet radius is really a unit of distance utilized in astronomy and geology. Another global radius is the Earth's rectifying radius, giving a sphere with circumference equal to the perimeter of the ellipse described by any polar cross section of the ellipsoid. What is the radius of the earth? The planet's rotation causes it to bulge at the equator. {\displaystyle F=f=0} So escape velocity of the planet will be 22.4 km/sec Multiplyin. Given local and transient influences on surface height, the values defined below are based on a "general purpose" model, refined as globally precisely as possible within 5m (16ft) of reference ellipsoid height, and to within 100m (330ft) of mean sea level (neglecting geoid height). A model of a helicopter rotor has four blades, each of length 3.4 mm from the central shaft to the blade tip. r 6378 X 2 = 12 756 km. , and because a) The diameter of the earth is approximately 1.276 1 0 7 1.276 \times 10^7 1.276107 m in scientific notation. .[10]. Through derivation, we find a logical connection between a natural phenomenon and a mathematical description of that phenomenon. Ans. Start your trial now! R = 6371 km is the mean Earth radius.. 2019 11:40, yfnal3x. That's between 28 and 29 Earths. There are two types of crust; oceanic and continental. (8,849 meters), but it is not the highest point on Earth that is, the place most distant from the . R = earthRadius returns the scalar value 6,371,000, the mean radius of the Earth in meters. Let us calculate area of earth using this formula area=4x22/76370= 5.110 4. Subtract the angle measurements to determine the difference in the angle of shadows between the two locations. [a] Local topography increases the variance, resulting in a surface of profound complexity. Surveyors today use a variety of instruments and calculations to determine the size of the Earth and collect other relevant data. We know that the acceleration due to gravity is equal to 9.8 m/s2, the Gravitational constant (G) is 6.673 1011 Nm2/kg2, the radius of the Earth is 6.37 106 m, and mass cancels out. b : the third and usually largest vein of an insects wing. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Drive one of the meter sticks into the ground in your location in a sunny spot. r The orbit of Earth ranges from 1.47 to 1.52 x 10 11 meters from the Sun. c) Calculate the gravitational potential energy associated with a 4.93-kg object at the 2a : the bone on the thumb side of the human forearm also : a corresponding part of vertebrates above fishes. p (clarification needed). For the WGS84 ellipsoid, that's respectively: Earth's circumference equals the perimeter length. d . Initially, the idea of a reference ellipsoid was an ellipsoid that best approximated mean ocean level. The extrema geocentric radii on the ellipsoid coincide with the equatorial and polar radii. What is the scientific name for Earth? is the eccentricity of the earth. About Earth radiusThe Earth radius, or even the radius of the world, may be the distance from the middle of our planet towards the surface. E Has got the radius of Earth mysteriously grown by about 3%? Circumference of the Earth in Meters Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. This quantity is denoted variously as . The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". A globally-average value is usually considered to be 6,371 kilometres (3,959mi) with a 0.3% variability (10 km) for the following reasons. The planet bulges at the equator as a result of its rotation. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. After completing his doctoral studies, he decided to start "ScienceOxygen" as a way to share his passion for science with others and to provide an accessible and engaging resource for those interested in learning about the latest scientific discoveries. For Eratosthenes, at midday on the summer solstice where the suns angle was directly overhead, the angle was zero. Using the parameters from WGS84 ellipsoid of revolution, a = 6,378.137 km and b = 6356.7523142km, V = 1.083211012km3 (2.59881011cumi).[17]. arrow_forward. The tropical radius of the world (or semi-major axis) is all about 6,378 km (3,963 miles or 3,444 maritime miles), as the polar radius of the world (or semi-minor axis) is all about 6,357 km (3,950 miles or 3,432 maritime miles). The radius of Earth at the equator is 3,963 miles (6,378 kilometers), according to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. What is the mass of this planet in terms of Earth's mass? Its surface gravity is 274 m/s 2 or 28.0 times that of the Earth. T Instant free online tool for Earths equatorial radius to meter conversion or vice versa. Equatorial radius is conventionally used as the nominal value unless the polar radius is explicitly required. The various radii derived here use the notation and dimensions noted above for the Earth as derived from the WGS-84 ellipsoid;[6] namely. The Earth's meridional radius of curvature at the equator equals the meridian's semi-latus rectum: The Earth's prime-vertical radius of curvature at the equator equals the equatorial radius, N = a. N An arc of 1 radian = the radial distance of the the latitude circle, from. Earth's diameter is simply twice Earth's radius; for example, equatorial diameter (2a) and polar diameter (2b). Earth, as we know now, is an oblate spheroid, as shown in the above figure. The diameter is the distance from side to side, if you. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The corresponding radius of curvature depends on the location and direction of measurement from that point. A consequence is that a distance to the true horizon at the equator is slightly shorter in the northsouth direction than in the eastwest direction. Please enter the latitude in decimal degrees, here you can convert coordinates. How did Aristotle know the earth was round? Compute the radius of the Earth using the formula C (circumference) = 2 x pi x r (radius). As an example, we will use Eratosthenes situation. Exponential or Scientific Notation: It is easier to write very large numbers such as 100,000,000 as 10 8 (1 followed by 8 0s). Note that this arc is along a great circle. That's almost 32 Earths. and Your email address will not be published. r . , . We invite readers to visit us daily, explore topics of interest, and gain new perspectives along the way. Part 4: Computation . This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid rock, mostly basalt and granite. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Earth's polar radius is 3950 miles (Diameter = 7900 miles). With What is velocity of bullet in the barrel? There are two principal radii of curvature: along the meridional and prime-vertical normal sections. Your email address will not be published. 3 {\displaystyle r} Arc length of more general surface curves, such as meridian arcs and geodesics, can also be derived from Earth's equatorial and polar radii. [24] Claudius Ptolemy around 150AD gave empirical evidence supporting a spherical Earth,[25] but he accepted the lesser value attributed to Posidonius. Responsibility disclaimer and privacy policy | About Us | Terms & Conditions | Site Map, Scientific discoveries from around the world. The radius of Earth at the equator is 3,963 miles (6,378 kilometers), according to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Step 2 of 5. The IUGG denotes the volumetric radius as R3. The circumference of the Earth can be calculated using the formula, Circumference = 2 R or D, where R is the radius of Earth and D is the diameter. y Last edited on 10 February 2023, at 21:43, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes, Satellites Reveal A Mystery Of Large Change In Earth's Gravity Field, NASA's Grace Finds Greenland Melting Faster, 'Sees' Sumatra Quake, "Discover-TheWorld.com Guam POINTS OF INTEREST Don't Miss Mariana Trench", "Mean radius, mass, and inertia for reference Earth models", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth_radius&oldid=1138658294, WGS-84 ellipsoid, polar radius of curvature (, WGS-84 ellipsoid, Mean radius of semi-axes (, WGS-84 ellipsoid, Radius of Sphere of Equal Area (, WGS-84 ellipsoid, Radius of Sphere of Equal Volume (, meridional radius of curvature at the equator, This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 21:43. As an example, we will use Eratosthenes measurements. E Compute the circumference of the Earth using the distance and angle measurements you have. 371 106 m), the bottom unit of length within the Worldwide System of Units (SI). where in the first fundamental form for a surface (Equation (112) in[11]): E, F, and G are elements of the metric tensor: r R The magnitude of the gravitational force between earth and an object is given by the formula. Thus, the radius of the earth in meters in scientific notation is 6.371106m. Eratosthenes estimated Earth's circumference at about 46,250 kilometers (28,735 miles). Semi-minor axis b = 6356752.3142 meters. One reason that our program is so strong is that our . . The first and second radii of curvature correspond, respectively, to the Earth's meridional and prime-vertical radii of curvature. However, Earth is not quite a sphere. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. det Earth's volume, or that of the reference ellipsoid, is V = 4/3a2b. where e2 = a2 b2/a2 and A is the surface area of the spheroid. det Then convert km - m. 1 km = 1000 m. 12 756 km = ? 2 degrees. \text{Circumference} = 39,350 \text{\ kilometers}. = This measurement also introduces another fun source of error that actually comes from the motion of Earth and other similar planetary bodies in the solar system. All Right Reserved. [13], The authalic radius What are the formula in calculating the earth? In a geocentric ellipsoid, the center of the ellipsoid coincides with some computed center of Earth, and best models the earth as a whole. The IUGG denotes the authalic radius as R2. Therefore, the difference was 7.2 degrees. R=6370 3. An international crew of seven people live and work while traveling at a speed of five miles per second, orbiting Earth about every 90 minutes. Using the mathematical formula for calculating the volume of a sphere, it has been estimated that the volume of Earth is roughly 259 billion cubic miles. 1 Radius refers to a line that connects to the centre point of a circle to any point on its outside layer. So if you measure at 11:00am in New York, they should measure at 9:00am in Colorado because of the time difference. However, Earth is not quite a sphere. 257. The distance between Syene and Alexandria is 787 kilometers, Eratosthenes used the ancient Greek measurement of stadia, but his calculations use the proportionality of angles between two locations, so any system of measurement will work. Do NOT follow this link or you will be banned from the site! A sphere being a gross approximation of the spheroid, which itself is an approximation of the geoid, units are given here in kilometers rather than the millimeter resolution appropriate for geodesy. First week only $6.99! In the third century B.C., Eratosthenes was able to mathematically calculate the earths diameter by comparing differences in the angle of the suns rays at two separate geographic points. R These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. This value is between 6,378 km, particularly around the equator and about 6,357 km at the poles. Calculating Earths Volume Averaging these two numbers yields a mean radius of 6,371.0 kilometers (3,958.7 miles), which in turn yields an approximate value for the volume of the Earth of 1.08 quadrillion cubic kilometers (259 trillion cubic miles). Example 2. Likewise for surface area, either based on a map projection or a geodesic polygon. In this state, it would have approximately the same mass as it has now, but its radius would be equal to the radius of the Earth. View this answer. Radius of sun is 695 500 km, so in meters you multiply by 1000. The space station is 356 feet (109 meters) end-to-end, one yard shy of the full length of an American football field including the end . {\displaystyle w^{1}=\varphi } You have to use the distance from the center of the Earth, not the distance above Earth's surface, as the radius. The Earth's azimuthal radius of curvature, along an Earth normal section at an azimuth (measured clockwise from north) and at latitude , is derived from Euler's curvature formula as follows:[12]:97. Science atlas, our goal is to spark the curiosity that exists in all of us. Its volume is 803.84 cubic meters. Q4. We must convert the radius into centimeters: R Moon = 1738 km X (1000m / km) X (100cm / m) = 1.738 X 10 8 cm. The first published reference to the Earths size appeared around 350BC, when Aristotle reported in his book On the Heavens(18) that mathematicians had guessed the circumference of the Earth to be 400,000 stadia. Make sure both sticks are perpendicular to the earth and that the same length of stick protrudes from the ground. Using the parameters from WGS84 ellipsoid of revolution, a = 6,378.137 km and b = 6,356.7523142km, V = 1.083211012km3 (2.59881011cumi). The radius of Earth is 6370000 m. Express this measurement in km in scientific notation with the correct number of significant digits. How did early mathematicians determine the radius of the earth? Go farther. The mathematical expressions above apply over the top of ellipsoid. about 6,367.445km (3,956.547mi), can also be used. The actual radius of the earth is 6,378.1 kilometers at the equator, but the radius varies because the earth is a somewhat flattened sphere. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The answer would be 695 500 000 m. Wiki User. {\displaystyle n={\frac {N}{|N|}}} How did we determine the size of the Earth? The bulge have been decreasing, consider 1998 the bulge has elevated, possibly because of redistribution of sea mass via currents. See answer. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". . J [ According to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Earth's radius at the equator is 3,963 miles (6,378 kilometers). Other ways to define and measure the Earth radius involve the radius of curvature. Earths rotation, internal density variations, and external tidal forces cause its shape to deviate systematically from a perfect sphere. {\displaystyle K=\kappa _{1}\,\kappa _{2}={\frac {\det \,B}{\det \,A}}} = What is the radius of the parallel of latitude? N Place the loose end of the string at the end of the cast shadow and hold it taut. Measured around the poles, the circumference is 40,007.863 km (24,859.734 mi). r [7] Additional discrepancies caused by topographical variation at specific locations can be significant. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. a) Calculate the average density of the white dwarf. Additionally, the bulge at the equator shows slow variations. How cold is it on moon? The meridional mean is well approximated by the semicubic mean of the two axes,[citation needed]. Since he knew the distance between the locations, he was able to determine the circumference of the earth, and therefore the diameter and radius as well. The following equation estimates the ellipsoid radius ( r s ) using flattening ( f ) , geocentric latitude ( s ) , and equatorial radius ( R ) : r s = R 2 1 + [ 1 / ( 1 f ) 2 1 ] sin 2 s . 71% of Earths surface is water. In summary, local variations in terrain prevent defining a single "precise" radius. How do you find the radius of a planet in physics? The physical radius, the distance from the center of the earth to the ellipsoid is the least used. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. ] You have to find the circumference. Literature guides . are tangents to the surface. The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of Earthis represented by the letter g. How do you find the radius of the Earth using trigonometry? Because these measurements are not done with more sensitive equipment, the radius calculation will be only approximate. ( Image credit: Ayhan Altun) There are nearly 8 billion people (opens in new tab) living on Earth today, but our planet wasnt always so crowded. A partial surface of an ellipsoid gets fitted to the region, in which case the center and orientation of the ellipsoid generally do not coincide with the earth's center of mass or axis of rotation. Rotation of a planet causes it to approximate an oblate ellipsoid/spheroid with a bulge at the equator and flattening at the North and South Poles, so that the equatorial radius a is larger than the polar radius b by approximately aq. Of course, no one is claiming the size of Earth has actually changed. Thus, the radius of the earth in meters in scientific notation is 6.371106m. Record the distance between your location and your partners location. (b) Repeat part (a) with the sun in place of the earth. F At the poles, = 90o and the length = 110.95 km, nearly. A meter is a meter, no matter what your zoom level is. The radius of Earth at the equator is 3,963 miles (6,378 kilometers), according to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. You need to solve physics problems. Historically, these models were based on regional topography, giving the best reference ellipsoid for the area under survey. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) provides three reference values: the mean radius (R1) of three radii measured at two equator points and a pole; the authalic radius, which is the radius of a sphere with the same surface area (R2); and the volumetric radius, which is the radius of a sphere having the same volume as the ellipsoid (R3). {\displaystyle r} Thus, the radius of the earth in meters in scientific notation is 6.371106m. 2 1 These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. In simple words, radius refers to that line, which originates from any point of the circle and touches the centre point the circle. The model is rotated in a wind tunnel at a rotational speed of 500 rev/minrev/min. [2], For Earth, the volumetric radius equals 6,371.0008km (3,958.7564mi).[13]. The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. The current best estimate for the mass of the Earth is M = 5.97221024 kg, with a standard uncertainty of 61020 kg (relative uncertainty 104). 6,371 kmEarth / RadiusAccording to data taken by 183 high-school classes participating in a World Year of Physics project, "Measure the Earth with Shadows", the radius of Earth is 6563 km, compared to the accepted value for the mean radius of 6371 km. George has always been passionate about physics and its ability to explain the fundamental workings of the universe. What is the permiter of the Earth? It is the only planet in our solar system that sustains life and it is the planet that we can call our own. Each of the models in common use involve some notion of the geometric radius. Therefore, the Earth radius isn't constant, but it can be calculated for every location. How to Calculate the Circumference of the Earth? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This calculated value became a defining value in 1993. The radius of the earth is 6371 km. {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial r}{\partial \varphi }}} The equatorial radius of Earth is actually 6,378.1 kilometers. The first published reference to the Earth's size appeared around 350BC, when Aristotle reported in his book On the Heavens[19] that mathematicians had guessed the circumference of the Earth to be 400,000 stadia. Around 100BC, Posidonius of Apamea recomputed Earth's radius, and found it to be close to that by Eratosthenes,[23] but later Strabo incorrectly attributed him a value about 3/4 of the actual size.

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